Culture Shock And Cultural Adaptation - 1402 Words

Culture shock is generally describes the uneasiness, stress as well as anxiety an individual feels when they encounter an unfamiliar cultural background, as a result of loosing familiar cues along with meanings associated with behavior and communication. Culture shock is thus an experience that happens to a person in every sphere of life when they face different lifestyles and world perceptions whether with regards to education, health or jobs among others. While residents or natives may take for granted their familiar world, strangers find the situation new and as a result experience certain crisis. This situation requires the individual to adapt or adjust. This paper discusses culture shock and cultural adaption alongside its impact on†¦show more content†¦The final stage involves the point at which the person becomes familiar with the other culture and is as well referred to as effective functioning stage or acculturation. This is aim or the proper state for a stranger i n another culture since the values and beliefs of other culture are acknowledged as acceptable and valid. Culture shock impact on the health of international students and other immigrants Health problems facing students can be a great hindrance to the acquisition of skills and knowledge. Particularly, doctors need to be aware of the psychosocial problems encountered by the students in order to give appropriate heath care. Physicians ought to understand that students from abroad face challenges coping with diet, climate and language of the host state . International students also face cultural peculiarities as well as racial discrimination that can result in grave psychosocial anguish. Contributing factors consist of financial difficulties, loneliness, ethnocentrism, mistrust, misunderstanding and academic inadequacy. The confusion and disorientation that can last for long periods as a result of challenges adapting to the host country’s culture, expose students to greater mental health risks ( ). This is further supported by the fact that immigrants, who are not necessarily intern ational students, are more likely to suffer from mental problems thanShow MoreRelatedCultural Shock Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesCultural shock is the reaction to cultural differences after moving to a foreign country. It can be triggered by differences in food, social customs, and language. The four phases of cultural shock are the honeymoon, rejection, regression, and adjustment phases (Levine). The honeymoon phase is characterized by an excitement for new surroundings. During the rejection phase, frustration replaces the excitement; inconvenient cultural differences become more noticeable, and adjustment is difficult. TheRead MoreThe Theoretical Concepts Of Culture Shock And Adaptation1225 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Todman, 2008, Theoretical models of culture shock and adaptation in international students in higher education, Studies in Higher Education, Vol.33, No.1, February, 63-75 　　　　The purpose of Zhou et al.’ study was to review the theoretical concepts of culture shock and adaptation, as applied to the pedagogical adaptation of students sojourners in a new culture. More specifically, this article conducted a review the development of theories of culture shock. Then the authors considered the relevanceRead MoreCulture and Cultural Adaptation Essay913 Words   |  4 Pagesby Tange’s (2005) position regarding cultural adaptation? Introduction It is widely known that in the period of globalization more and more people face the issue of intercultural communication. Communication for two people from different cultures is very challenging to some extent. The notion of culture is very sophisticated. In addition, many studies have been conducted which indicate that every person to some degree experiences ‘culture shock’. Culture shock itself depends on several factors, namelyRead MoreIntercultural Communication : Communication And Communication1676 Words   |  7 PagesJasmin Starr-Mullins COM 440 W Final Term Paper Intercultural Communication The terms Culture,Globalization, and Communication are terms that we might hear quite often, but what is Intercultural communication? According to the dictionary, Intercultural Communication is often described as the interaction and exchange of communication between people of different cultures. Intercultural Communication dates back to the first interaction of mankind. Edward T. Hall, an American anthropologistRead MoreReentry Is The Process Of Returning1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe majority of reentry literature finds itself within the field of cultural geography. It considers the reentry process for the sojourner, the missionary, the tourist, and the student on a study abroad program. The term, reentry, initially stems from the process of returning to Earth from space, and was utilized in reference to the astronaut-training program (Becker, 1961). The majority of reentry literature focuses on cultural repatriates or sojourners, and those who have spent significant timeRead MoreTh e U Curve Model Of Adaptation1623 Words   |  7 Pagesof adapting cultural values among Africans migrants in China. The results of the analysis points out the process of adaptation followed by the influencing factors of adaptation and finally the challenges faced in the process of adaptation. By using the U-curve model of adaptation, which explained the four stages of adaptation (honeymoon, crisis, recovery, and adjustment), the study is based on the assumption that Africans migrants follow the same process and/or stages of adaptation. The U-curveRead MoreFear and Trembling Film Anaysis1549 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent kinds of intercultural adaption difficulties. A few examples of these are making friends, cultural knowledge and appreciation and pressure to conform. Some of Amà ©lies experiences have her going through some aspects of culture shock such as feeling of strain, feeling of rejection and feeling of anxiety. Amà ©lie asks questions and disagrees with her superiors while she is going through the adaptation process. The process consists of enculturation, acculturation and deculturation. I disagree withRead MoreEmbracing The Shock Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pages Final Paper: Embracing the Shock   Ã‚  Ã‚   The effects of earthquake aftershocks are unpredictable and can last for many years; the effects of culture shock happen to be the remarkably similar. Culture shock takes place when someone enters into an unfamiliar culture due to a vacation, humanitarian project, study abroad opportunity, etc. Barna (1976) explains culture shock as being a type of disease that many do not understand they have, yet it handicaps people and prevents them from knowing that theyRead MoreIntercultural Communication And Cultural Development1762 Words   |  8 PagesCompetence Adaptation From the theory adaptation is perceived as the process of dynamic unfolding of the natural tendency of human strive for an internal equilibrium in face of often adversarial conditions of the environment (Jackson, 2008). The theory of adaptation tries to create and enhance an understanding of the process of intercultural adaptation. However it has special focus on the effects of micro and macro levels factors on cultural adaption process. This refers to cultural and institutionalRead MoreMulticulturalism in Organizations Essay916 Words   |  4 Pageshappens and how it is expressed in organisations. Culture can be showed through values, rituals, heroes and symbols; thought grouping and categorising people and the word around us we make up our mind of what is good or bad and right or wrong. Although, human come from different backgrounds and â€Å"if you only try to understand humans in individual basis you will not understand the person or its reasons †¦ you cannot judge the behaviour of a different culture with your own values† (Tchelebi 2013). Gertz

Women in a Male Dominated Society and the Example of Eve...

â€Å"A woman cannot be herself in the society of the present day, which is an exclusively masculine society, with laws framed by men and with a judicial system that judges feminine conduct from a masculine point of view† (Isben). In literature, two prominent stories involving women stand out and these are the stories of Eve and Medea. Both of these women went through a conflict within their society where they were judged by their peers. Their judgments were in a situation where they were ruled by a masculine overtone. Throughout history, women have always been viewed differently than men. In today’s society, there are examples in films and in the way women are represented within the workplace. To illustrate this point, the documentation in literature and relations to modern society will lend proof. Even though within literature and todays society women are often viewed as inferior to men, women can fight back against the prejudices facing them. Women can fight back aga inst the prejudices facing them because like Eve, women can show their strength. In The Old Testament: Genesis, Eve was tempted by the devil disguised as a snake to eat of an apple she should not have touched. She also was tempted into getting Adam to eat of this forbidden fruit as well. She showed strength of character because it would have been easy for her to just say no. Her strength comes from the fact that she was not afraid to want something forbidden. Eve was a strong woman and the first of her kind to

The Health Disparities And Inequalities Report - 754 Words

At 2012, the population of the workforce in the United States was estimated by the U.S. civilian labor force as 155 million workers. Having a stable job can contribute positively to that individual’s physical and psychological health. However, work environment can be a source of many hazardous issues that may lead to work-related injuries or illnesses, which may be fatal and in many cases nonfatal. On the other hand, occupational injuries can have a negative effect on the United States’ economy; it is estimated that nonfatal injuries can cost the economy approximately $200 billion annually, while fatal injuries are estimated to cost $6 billion annually. Managing these issues is an important task which could be approached in many different ways. Dealing with the issues helps in the protection of workers, not to mention it can decrease the losses to the economy associated with this matter. An example of prevention efforts, is the CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Re port (CHDIR), which assess disparities across a wide range of diseases, behavior risk factors, environmental exposures, social determinants, and health-care access. But in order to establish such programs and reports, an initial and important step is having information on the most frequent occupational fatal and non-fatal injuries and illnesses in the United States, which should be provided through routine, if not annual statistical reports. Fortunately, such information exists in the United States, thoseShow MoreRelatedDifference Between Health And Social Class1333 Words   |  6 PagesVariations in health and inequality have always been the subject of debates and studies throughout the last century; explanations varied from: our lifestyles, our ethnicity, and even our gender. So why after 100 years of studying this worldwide phenomenon, and producing detailed statistical evidence, with well-informed debates are we still living in a society where inequality in health still exists? One would expect with so much progress in medicine, vast improvements in our living/housing standards;Read MoreEssay on Aversive Racism and Inequality in Health Care631 Words   |  3 PagesRacism and Inequality in Health Care   Aversive Racism and Inequality in Health Care: Kenisha Wilkerson Walden University Socioeconomic conditions of persons and the places where they live and work do strongly influence their health. In the United States, as elsewhere, the risk for mortality, morbidity, unhealthy behaviors, reduced access to health care and poor quality of care increases with decreasing socioeconomic circumstances (CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report, 2011)Read MoreCritical Reflection Of The Healthy People Healthy Places Reading Material And Consists Of Three Sections1342 Words   |  6 Pagesthree sections. It includes the definition of terms like health inequality and how does it relates to health equity. The first section states the importance of health inequalities and the necessity for a solution to decrease the health inequality gaps. Firstly, the term health inequality has a very broad definition and can be defined as the variations in health status or in the distribution of social determinants (Anonymous, 2012). Health inequality is also described as a conditio n which is avoidableRead MoreThe New Eldercare Service Model Must Be One Of Inclusion1293 Words   |  6 Pages Chapter Health Disparities in America The new eldercare service model must be one of inclusion. We can no longer afford to marginalize any group of seniors. –Author Introduction I n the United States, wealth is the strongest determinant of health; and the strength of this relationship is profound and continues to increase. Wealth confers many benefits that are associated with health and quality of life outcomes. Wealth creates disparities in high quality education, employment, housing, childcareRead MoreSocial Class And Its Relevance1702 Words   |  7 Pagessocial class has changed over time. This text will argue that social class is relevant and very much alive in contemporary society. The relevance of social class as a structure of inequality can be seen through the widening gap between the rich and poor globally. A report from TASC shows that in Ireland income inequality has grown rapidly since the 1980’s (2015). Between 2009 and 2010, the wealthiest ten percent of households experienced an 8% increase in disposable income while the poorest ten percentRead MoreHealth, Social And Social Policy1656 Words   |  7 PagesHEALTH, WELLBEING SOCIAL POL ICY By [Name of Student] [Name of Instructor] [University] [Course] [Date] Health, Wellbeing Social Policy Introduction Citizens, businesses and interest groups alike continue to be concerned about poverty and related factors that deal with health and finance. However, human rights and availability are concepts that aren’t not taken seriously enough, in view of certain perspectives. Health inequalities refer to the differences in the quality of the healthcareRead MoreGender Equality in Malaysia1513 Words   |  7 Pagesissue of gender inequality is one which has been publicly reverberating through society for decades. The different religions and cultures of Malaysia have many positive aspects in womens lives. However, it is also the case that women are discriminated against by their religions and cultures, which perpetuate stereotyped gender roles and protectionist and patriarchal attitudes towards women. First at all, the â€Å"family† remains culturally at the centre of Malaysian life. A 1999 WAO report, MonitoringRead MoreSocial, Economic And Political Processes1597 Words   |  7 PagesIn New Zealand, there is a forever existing gap of inequalities seen in the health care system between Maori and non-Maori today. There are particular factors that influence this gap such as historical, social, economic and political processes, which are the main contributors to inequalities and disparities in the Maori health status today. This essay will discuss how these factors may influence the care I provide in my practice as a midwife, backed up with research and links to the Treaty of WaitangiRead MoreHealth Inequalities And Universal Health Care1259 Words   |  6 PagesPetrovic 02 Dec, 2014 Health Inequalities in US and Universal Health Care as a Solution Health inequality is one of the social inequalities that may cost the lives of people unless backed by corrective policies. Universal health care is one of those tools by which we correct disparities in health care utilization and insure the health of the fellow citizens. World health Organization (WHO) defined Universal health care, also universal health coverage as â€Å"a specific type of health care coverage of allRead MoreSocioeconomic Inequality Of The United States882 Words   |  4 Pageswho live in poverty experience worse health care, education, social status, and wages than the upper class. I believe socioeconomic status serves a large role in whether an individual is likely to experience poor health. Policies that increase unemployment insurance or allocate for equal distribution of wealth and opportunity are viable solutions to socioeconomic inequality (Babones 2010:141). The social conflict theory best explains the socioeconomic inequality in the United States and hel ps sociologists

Benefits of Drawing Tools Essay Example For Students

Benefits of Drawing Tools Essay This counterclaimed drawing board, T-square, triangles. An architects or engineers scale, and professional-quality set of determinateness. Now, however, other equipments come into general use, including the drafting machine, parallel- ruling straightedge,technical fountain pen and, of course, the computer. Typical pens used for technicalities are pencils and technical pens. Usually used are mechanical pencils with standard lead thickness. General line widthwise 0. 18 mm, 0. 25 mm, 0. 5 mm and 0. 7 mm. Hardness varies usually from HOB to EH. Softhearted gives a better contrast, but harder legalized more accurate track. Paper or plutocracies do require their own lead types. In most cases, the final drawings redrawn with ink. The pen is generalizations-type technical pen, a marker penchant draws lines of consistent width (so-accelerated marker pen). The pen has an ink container which contains a metal tube, insecticide is a thin metal needle or wire, the soul,link is absorbed between the needle and thebe wall, preventing an excessive amount of ink from being released. The needle has a weight and by waving the pen back and fortieth needle is released and the ink can run. Previously, the tank was filled from an ink bottle, newer styluses use ink arthritis. Chilean width has its CNN stylus. Width of the lines standardized. In Finland, the uncommonly used set is 0. 13 mm, 0. 18 mm, 0. Mm, 0. 35 mm, 0. 50 mm and 0. 70 mm. Thereafter their own styli for tracing paper antistatic, because plastic requires a harder pent. The drawing board is an essentially. Paper Will be attached and kept straightens still, so that the drawing can be done witchcraft. Generally, different kinds of assistance ruler are used in drawing. Outdrawing board is usually mounted to a floodgates in which the board turns to a differentiation, and also its height can be adjustable. Smaller drawing boards are produced portable. Top use. Drafting machine is a device which summonsed to the drawing board, It has rules Ithacan be adjusted by controlling mechanism. There are two main types of apparatus: parallelogram apparatus based on a hindering; and a wagon apparatus which moves monorails mounted to the top of the drawing board. The accuracy of the parallelogram apparatus spinster in the middle of the board, deconsecrating the edges, whereas a wagon apparatus a constant accuracy over the whole board. Parallelogram apparatus are often equipotent a ballast, with the intention to make device eighth to handle. The drawing-head of a wagon apparatus slides on bearings in vertical trail, which in turns is moving along irrational, top-mounted rail. Both apparatuses do have a movable drawing-head and trestles attached to it so that the angle Beethoven rules may be adjusted. Drawing apparatus enables estranging of parallel lines over the paper. Adjustable angle between the rulers lets the lines to be drawn in varying angles. Rulers also be used as a support for specialization rulers and letter templates. The rules replaceable and they can be for examples-rules. Drawing apparatus has flavored drawing board mounted parallel ruled a pantograph, a device copying the ratios. Rulers used in technical drawing regularly made Of polystyrene. Rulers come into types according to the design of triggered. Straight edge can be used with lead andante pens, whereas when technical pen is seethe edge must be grooved to prevent outspread of the ink. The basic tool in technical drawing sis triangular set square, either 90/60/30 or/AS/45 degree. Also in use are continuously adjustable 0-90 disproportionate and a separate T- square straightedge which can use the edge outdrawing board as a support. Architects scale is a scaled, three-edged ruler which has six different salesclerks to its sides. A typical combination tribulations details is 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, and 1:ASS, There are their own rulers for-zoning work as well as for inch units. .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20 , .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20 .postImageUrl , .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20 , .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20:hover , .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20:visited , .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20:active { border:0!important; } .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20:active , .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20 .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0aca896d1d47cf1d94e5bdde8765f20:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A picture of my wife EssayToadstools rulers are made of plastic, formerly of hardwood. A pocket-sized version is listenable, with scales printed on flexibilities stripes. A parallel ruler is a movable rulers on the drawing board. Its angle statisticians and with it the horizontal lines can beastly be drawn all over the board. It is alehouse as a support for protractor and letterpresss. The parallel ruler is collectedness to the board with strings, washbowl the ruler to be positioned in a smallness. For drawing of curves, rulers of various designs are used. Old curved rulers and parrot rulers or a curved ruler the shape which can be modified. Templates contain pre-dimension less in the right scale to accurately draw symbol or sign. Letter templates Will deliveries text, as well number as letter characters. For drawing circles and circle-arcs, circumnavigates are used, containing a suitable set Of holes in certain dimensions with suitable sideshows in them. Models are also available brother geometric shapes such as squares and forwarding ellipses. Drafting paper is silk. Eke nontransparent. It is primarily suitable for pencils felt tip pens. Pencil marks can obstructed to some extent with an eraser. Tracing paper is polished sandwich-like aesthetics is suitable for lead and pens. Eraser recapping is used for correcting. Transcendentalists films are commonly used inventorying. They have higher mechanistically than translucent paper, Drawing inks can be divided into outgrowths: soot inks and plastic inks Soot ink suits in drawing to Paper and most traditionalistic.

Les Miserables Essays (696 words) - Do You Hear The People Sing

Les Miserables Les Miserables known in English as The Terrible is a musical portrayal of the French Revolution. It is a musical tragedy, which served as a major powerhouse competitor for Andrew Lloyd Weber musicals in the early eighties and nineties. When first debuting on Broadway in 1987 it traveled a long hard road to compete with musicals of the decade. However, in time many well-known performers were proud to associate themselves with this wonderful work of art. The musical play begins with its lead character named Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean was released on parole after 19 years on the chain gang. In this initial scene the audience can almost immediately feel the tonality of the play with the constant reference to the number 24601. 24601 were the prison number that became Jean Valjeans identity for 19 years. The dark and dreary ambiance set the tone for the first song of the libretto, Look Down. The lyrics to look down coincide with the chain gang, overseen by brutal wanders, working in the hot sun. It is this series of songs in Act one that take the audience through many turns of feelings and emotions. These emotional songs are used to portray poor men and women working in low class factories, women selling their bodies and more importantly a class of people struggling to scrape by. The most vivid songs used to identify the various themes of poverty and prostitution are Lovely Ladies, A Heart Full of Love, and Master of The House. Moreover, it is a song titled Do You Hear the People Sing? That prepares the audience for the ending of Act one. Most if not all of Act one uses song, tonality, character, pitch and tone to depict the various themes of the play while the story is beginning to unravel. Throughout the second and final act the musical content within the play acts as a story of its own through theme and variation. Each separate song represents a feeling and or mood and is enhanced as it is varied throughout the act. Like the first act, the songs are used to portray poverty, suffering, hardships, and even death. However, unlike the first act, there is also a theme of love and happiness. Closure is brought about with a sense of warmth and this is often heard through the display of the tempo. When the times were tough the tempo decreased and was often slow and morbid like. When happy times were brought about, the tempo increased to a song and dance farewell. The final song of the musical really brings the whole story together. The loose ends are tied and the audiences hearts are left captivated and moved. This musical would not be complete without the dramatization of the performers. It is each individual performer that brings song into the story. Each of the eight main characters represents, in a sense, their own theme and motivation towards the story. Without these characters the notes and chords wouldnt bring about any music. It would merely be song without feelings or words. Each of them sings to sing to us in their own different way and exemplify their role within the story. Together these two important ideas make this play an excellent musical. My personal reaction to this musical was surprisingly a good one. When my girlfriend first told me that we were going to see a Broadway play I wasnt initially excited. However, after just about 30 minutes into the opening act I was beginning to recognize and comprehend musical terms that we had discussed in class. I then decided to be open minded and take notice of not only musical but also theatrical happenings of the story. It was amazing to be able to hear the tempo change, the timbre (tone color), and also identify the theme and variation. It was often difficult to understand the opera like approach to the play but all you needed was a good ear and total concentration. I found that I actually enjoyed Les Miserables and I wouldnt be too quick to say no to another one. Philosophy Essays

Minor v. Happersett - Womens Voting Rights Denied

Minor v. Happersett - Women's Voting Rights Denied On October 15, 1872, Virginia Minor applied to register to vote in Missouri. The registrar, Reese Happersett, turned down the application, because the Missouri state constitution read: Every male citizen of the United States shall be entitled to vote. Mrs. Minor sued in Missouri state court, claiming her rights were violated on the basis of the Fourteenth Amendment. Text of Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments After Minor lost the suit in that court, she appealed to the state Supreme Court. When the Missouri Supreme Court agreed with the registrar, Minor brought the case to the United States Supreme Court. Fast Facts: Minor v. Happersett Case Argued: Feb. 9, 1875Decision Issued: March 29, 1875Petitioner: Virginia Minor, a female U.S. citizen and resident of the state of MissouriRespondent: Reese Happersett, St. Louis County, Missouri, registrar of votersKey Questions: Under the 14th Amendments Equal Protection Clause, and the 15th Amendments assurance that voting rights must not be denied or abridged ... on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, did women have the right to vote?Majority Decision: Justices Clifford, Swayne, Miller, Davis, Field, Strong, Bradley, Hunt, WaiteDissenting: NoneRuling: The Court ruled that the Constitution  did not grant anyone, specifically female citizens of the U.S., the right to vote. The Supreme Court Decides The US Supreme Court, in an 1874 unanimous opinion written by the chief justice, found: women are citizens of the United States, and were even before the Fourteenth Amendment passedthe right of suffrage the right to vote is not a necessary privilege and immunity to which all citizens are entitledthe Fourteenth Amendment did not add the right of suffrage to citizenship privilegesthe Fifteenth Amendment was required to be sure voting rights were not denied or abridged ... on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude in other words, the amendment was not necessary if citizenship conferred voting rightswomens suffrage was explicitly excluded in nearly every state either in the constitution or in its legal code; no state had been excluded from joining the Union for lack of womens voting rights, including states re-entering the Union after the Civil War, with newly written constitutionsthe US had made no objection when New Jersey explicitly withdrew womens suffrage rights in 1807arguments about the need for womens suffrage were irrelevant to their decision s Thus, Minor v. Happersett reaffirmed the exclusion of women from voting rights. The Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, in granting suffrage rights to women, overrode this decision. Related Reading Linda K. Kerber. No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies. Women and the Obligations of Citizenship. 1998

2016 - 2017 ACT Scoring Details

2016 - 2017 ACT Scoring Details The one facet of the ACT exam that seems to stress kids out the very most is the ACT scoring system. Of course, it’s easy to understand why! ACT scoring is very important because money and scholarships can be tied to your composite score and people tend to tie prestige to the score you manage to earn, too. The higher the score, the more bragging rights you get. So, just how does it work? And how do colleges get your scores and use them? Sit tight. You’re about to find out the ins and outs of the ACT scoring system and all the hoopla that goes with it. ACT Scoring Changes The ACT announced in June 2016, that it will be revising the score reporting for the 2016 - 2017 test administrations. What does this mean for you? When you get your score report back after registering, preparing and taking the ACT, you’ll see a number of different things on your scoring sheet. The ACT changed how it reports scoring. Instead of receiving subscores based on the subcategories under each section, students now receive percentages on a comprehensive set of reporting categories. These reporting categories make it easier for parents and students to determine exactly what types of skills testers need to brush up on the most. Heres what your current score report will contain.   Composite Score: Your composite score will be between a 1 (really low) and 36 (genius). This is an average of each multiple choice section.Section Scores: Each multiple-choice test section (English, Math, Reading, and Science) will get a raw score, based on the total number of questions you answer correctly. That score will then be converted to a scaled score, between 1 and 36.STEM Score: In September 2015, the ACT began reporting a STEM score that was the rounded average of Math and Science.ELA Score: At that time, they also began reporting the rounded average of English, Reading, and Writing scores as a general English Language Arts score.Reporting Categories: Although you will not get scores for these areas, per se, you will receive percentages correct out of the categories along with the total possible and total correct.ACT Plus Writing: If you take the Writing test, youll get an overall score between 2 and 12 because although the ACT changed the Writing score to 1-36 like the ot her multiple choice test section scores in 2015, it is changing it back for the 2016 - 2017 administrations. Youll also get four writing competency scores on a scale of 2 - 12 in these domains: Ideas and Analysis, Development and Support, Organization, and Language Use and Conventions. The ACT Reporting Categories Below, youll find the multiple choice sections of the test, along with the reporting categories youll find on your score report. The numbers in parentheses are the total number of questions for a sample score report*. On the score report, youll find the correct number you answered out of that total number, what that number looks like as a percentage, and the ACT Readiness Range, which shows you how your  performance on each reporting category compares to students who have met the ACT College Readiness Benchmark on that section.    *Please note that the number of each type of question could change, depending on the test.    MathPreparing for Higher Math (~35 total questions)Number and Quantity (5)Algebra (8)Functions (8)Statistics and Probability (6)Geometry  (8)Integrating Essentail Skills (~25)Modeling (~22)ScienceInterpretation of Data (~16)Scientific Investigation (~10)Evaluation of Models, Inferences, and Scientific Results (~14)EnglishProduction of Writing (~23)Knowledge of Language (~12)Conventions of Standard English (~40)ReadingKey Ideas and Details (~24)Craft and Structure (~11)Integration of Knowledge and Ideas (~5)Understanding Complex Texts reported as Below, Proficient, or Above How the ACT Scoring Works on the Essay The 2-12 score range for 2016-2017 is very quite than the one used in 2014-2015. The old Writing score was simply the sum of two readers’ grades between 1 - 6. The new score range, however, is an average domain score, rounded up to the nearest number at .5.   Take the following example: A student scoring these domain numbers: Grader As scores: 4, 6, 4, 5Grader Bs scores: 4, 5, 4, 6  Total scores: 8, 11, 8, 11 38Writing score is a 10 because 38/4 9.5 ACT Raw to Scaled Scoring When youre finished with your test and it heads off to be graded, the graders first count the number of questions that you answered correctly in each test section and in each subscore area. The number of correct answers is your raw score. The reporting categories will show you those raw scores - how many questions you actually answered correctly in each category. Then, those raw scores are converted to the scaled scores. Scaled scores are the scores that you’ll get back and the scores that are sent to your high school and the colleges to which you’re applying. The exact raw to scale tables that are used are not published, as they differ depending on the test questions used per test. Having a scaled score allows the ACT to be as fair as possible, considering different test questions and versions are used. The good news is that you don’t have to worry about your raw score except when you’re actually taking the test – you want to answer as many questions correctly as possible and attempt every one. You aren’t penalized for guessing like you are on the SAT. But on your score report, you won’t see your raw score, so you don’t need to sweat it! ACT Scoring Compared To Other Students On your score report, you’ll also see a score percentile, which compares you to the rest of the nation. The national average tends to hover right around a 20 or 21, but many scholarships start at around a 27 composite score and go up from there depending on the school and program to which you’re applying. Here are some ACT scoring averages and percentiles for you to check out: The best of the best ACT scoresAverage national ACT scoresAverage ACT scores for top private universitiesAverage ACT scores for top public universities If I Retake the ACT, Do Colleges See All My ACT Scoring? If you take the ACT more than once, you get to choose which set of scores to send to colleges. So, the schools will not see all of your ACT scores unless you choose to send them all. This is a very big deal especially if you do not perform very well during one testing session and ace another!