Group Influence Essay

A gathering is a mix of more than one individual sharing a few qualities, convictions, or a lot of practices. Numerous people together sharing a shared objective or need is a gathering of individuals. Individuals in a gathering sharing these basic things will in general have related practices. Every one of the individuals from a gathering impacts the conduct of another. People will in general respond to circumstances or have explicit practices in explicit circumstances guided by a reference bunch view to those circumstances. Gatherings of individuals that impact their selves are individuals from a similar religion, flat mates, school companions, coworkers, and so on. Gatherings impact their selves in two different ways. A gathering may impact the character through similarity or submission. Gathering impact effectsly affects their selves. Some of them are sure while others are pessimistic and harming to the character. The point of this paper is to assess bunch impact and its consequen ces for the person. The perception was done at Inland Behavior Health Center, which is an outpatient restoration focus in San Bernardino. The physical game plan or format of the room and setting was as per the following: seats were orchestrated around setting and the teacher was in the focal point of the gathering. The teacher utilized leaflets and a standing trifold banner. The structure of the gathering on terms of ages, sex, and ethnicity, this specific class was is given to pregnant ladies just, ages changing from 19 through 35, ethnicity bunches being: 40% Caucasian, 40% Hispanic, and 20 % African American. The reason, crucial, objective of this class is to find out about the tobacco wellbeing consequences for the pregnant ladies and unborn child, the mission is to act naturally dependent and not to rely upon tobacco during when stress is experienced. The objectives are to train them to pretty much all the wellbeing impacts that can occur because of smoking, to forestall untime ly birth and low birth weight. The span of the class term is an hour and a half. Every member needs to go to eight successive weeks and be sans smoking for eight back to back weeks; in any case, the class has no closure date. On the off chance that any member backslides during program, they are sent back to week one beginning without any impetuses. The conversation structure of this class is that the educator follows an educational plan dependent on a week by week point that incorporates, recordings, gives gifts, and gathering conversation. A test was given toward the finish of meeting to test understanding. The class structure and association is contrast, since the class is given at an outpatient restoration focus, the members were in a class when the teacher showed up at 10:45 am. The educator pulled all the pregnant ladies from the study hall. A portion of the pregnant ladies were at that point in the Comprehensive Tobacco Treatment program (CTT), which the teacher knew about it. The other pregnant ladies, who were not part of the CTT program, were substance mishandled screened and the individuals who screened positive for tobacco were tried out program. Toward the start of the class, a marking sheet w as passed to every single went to member. The educator has an envelope that incorporated a â€Å"communication form† in where she monitors each participant’s end status. In a gathering conversation, she starts by inquiring as to whether anybody might want to share an account to tell about her previous week smoking discontinuance experience. As of now, two members referenced how troublesome they found that week to remain without smoking and one expressed that realizing that on the off chance that they smoke one cigarette it would rise to thirteen packs to the child. The subsequent member referenced that realizing that she needed to give a pee test got her far from smoking. After the conversation was done, the teacher progressed by presenting the subject of the week. The subject of this specific week was on â€Å"Secondhand Smoke.† During meeting, a present was dropped to all participants including myself and a video was indicated named â€Å"The Perils of Second hand Smoke.† A test was given toward the end. All participants were tried through a pee test to ensure they were without nicotine and the individuals who accomplished meeting, were remunerated with baby diapers and xylitol gum as a motivating force. After nicotine test was done, the meeting finished up. The essential facilitator of this class was just a single female educator, who was the program organizer. She has her bachelor’s qualification in Liberal Studies and presently took on a Human Resource Management program. The program has two educators who travel to different locales through San Bernardino County. The subject or issues did the gathering individuals look at during the gathering was fundamentally smoking during pregnancy. Different subjects may incorporate child rearing and infant holding training. The distinctive data that the individuals traded in this class was the challenges looking through the end procedure that advances through pressure, monetary issues, enthusiastic encounters, and absence of help. The group’s standards, jobs, status chain of command, or correspondence designs were that the members are low salary, low degree of training (not exactly secondary school confirmation), and typically originate from a substance misuse setting. The correspondence designs showed if this class was that members were included as a gathering and they were exceptionally open for conversation and sharing their encounters. The participants’ individuals share a feeling of character with each other and the members had a similar enthusiasm of attempting to remain tobacco free, give a wellbeing living condition to their unborn infant and other youngsters living with them. In this class or gathering t here was no sign that individuals may be powerless against oblivious obedience, on the grounds that toward the start of the meeting, the educator request every individual battles through the end procedure and they all had their one of a kind narrating. Albeit a few reactions were comparative, they didn't appear impacted by their partner’s reaction. As I would see it, the gathering has a positive impact in each other’s practices on the grounds that the members share a similar foundation and they all appeared to see each other by giving gestures of recognition for their victories and advices on the most proficient method to manage the longings and withdrawals of tobacco. Sadly, because of the foundation of the members, they were affected by their living environmental factors and the main thing they knew is to go after medications, liquor, and tobacco. In this class, the members get familiar with the apparatuses important to adapt to pressure factors instead of connecting for a cigarette as an adapting device. A gathering impacts their selves from various perspectives. While conveying and sharing some positive standards, individuals from a similar gathering will in general act similarly. The gathering impacts their selves through either compliance or congruity. This impact has numerous impacts that are both positive and negative however for the most part negative. References Myers, D. G. (2010). Social Psychology (tenth ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Six Little Things That Mae a Big Difference

If somebody somehow happened to ask you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ what things in life truly have a major effect in people’s lives?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦What would you say? I wager a few people will say, well, for one, cash has a major effect. Others may state, well, family has a major effect. What's more, still others may state that training has a major effect. I surmise there would be the same number of various reactions as the quantity of people inquired. In this way, that in the event that I would ask 1000 people I may get 1000 unique things that would have a major effect in people’s lives. I invested some energy processing this inquiry over as far as I could tell, and in the wake of taking out a portion of similar reactions you and numerous others would make, similar to cash, instruction, family, and so forth., I thought of the accompanying 6 things that have a major effect. Before I give you my rundown, let me rush to state that cash isn't on my rundown. Cash isn't something or other that have a major effect just on the grounds that cash has an unobtrusive method of destroying things for such huge numbers of individuals. More individuals have gotten a great deal of cash just to, after a brief time, become so connected to their cash that others become old and immaterial to them. Instruction in like manner has made a few people carry on like narrow minded people and egocentric, smarty pants individuals who as opposed to empower individuals drive individuals away. In this way, instruction isn't on my rundown. Nor is family on my rundown, since family, while urgently imperative to us, is that default thing that everybody has and needs†¦family is consistently there having any kind of effect in our lives! It is those easily overlooked details that have such a major effect. What's more, regular we have various chances to rehearse those easily overlooked details with enough capacity to impact people’s lives. At the point when these easily overlooked details are polished they produce brilliant outcomes for you! Indeed, here’s my rundown of the things that have a major effect in your life: 1. State â€Å"Masha Danki,† †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Thank You!† Would you trust it, such a little thing, yet when utilized has an amazing and significant impact on everybody around you! Appreciation is an amazing power that can change the person who says it; and it changes the person who gets it. Appreciation from the heart, communicated modestly, recuperates as it acclaims. Next time your trash specialist from Serlimar stops by to get your trash, look at him without flinching and state â€Å"Thank you for taking my trash away,† and watch what occurs! I ensure that your trash assortment administration from that point on will out of nowhere become the best on your whole road! We have to quit underestimating things and begin being appreciative and discernibly offer thanks ordinary. It is one of those seemingly insignificant details that have durable positive repercussions! A demeanor of appreciation and of saying â€Å"Thanks† can transform yourself for the better for ever and it can change the lives of those to whom you express it. 2. Be Kind and give Grace: Listen to that older woman reveal to her long story as you endeavor to hustle out the store with your food supplies. It might mean being somewhat late for your next stop, however your consideration in simply tuning in to that senior resident will give you a more prominent feeling of network, empathy and gratefulness for other people; and it will fundamentally quiet YOU down when you're feeling focused and rushed. Someone said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Kindness grows, and it occupies the space with generosity and cooperation.† So, the second easily overlooked detail that has a tremendous effect is being thoughtful, that’s a state of the psyche. What's more, giving grace is a state of the psyche put into real practice! 3. Listen Attentively: God favored us with two ears and one mouth, and we should utilize them in that extent. Listening causes you to show up all the more enchanting, as well, so there's a reward. We have two ears with which to tune in. Two, and not one, since we are relied upon to listen well. One mouth, since we should talk less. At the point when you listen mindfully you’ll be flabbergasted how well you associate with the other individual. The other individual will make the most of your essence and feel thrilled with your consideration. There is enchantment in acceptable tuning in, the enchantment of comprehension, of network, of compatibility and cooperative attitude.

How Parents Can Help Teens With Panic Disorder

How Parents Can Help Teens With Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Coping Print How Parents Can Help Teens With Panic Disorder By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 18, 2019 Hero Images/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Read up on Their Condition Be Extra Patient Be an Advocate Model Self-Care View All Back To Top At times, parenting a teenager can be both very difficult and very rewarding. As a parent, youre probably well aware of the social pressures, physical and mental changes, and academic issues that your teen facesâ€"and these are just a few of the challenges. Life as a teenager can be made even more complicated if the teen has panic disorder, and as a parent, it can be hard to know how to help your teen deal with this mental health disorder. Following are some tips to help in the parenting of your teen with panic disorder. Read up on Their Condition Its important to know what to expect in terms of symptoms, diagnosis, and course of treatment for your teen with panic disorder. One of the main issues that parents run into is not being informed about their teens condition. The more you know about panic disorder, the more prepared and supportive you can be. The doctor or other mental health specialist treating your teen can provide you with valuable resources and information. Read through any materials you receive and stay up-to-date regarding your teens  treatment plan. Learning about the symptoms, panic attacks, and agoraphobia can help you understand more about panic disorder. Panic Disorder and Anxiety in Teens Be Extra Patient Being patient with a teenager is not always easy. You may find it hard to relate to your teen’s experiences with this condition; for example, you may believe that your teen is just overreacting or being rebellious. Such thoughts are understandable, given how demanding and melodramatic teens can be. When it comes to your teen’s struggle with panic and anxiety, its important to remain patient and supportive. Panic attacks, the main symptom of panic disorder, can be very difficult for a teenager to manage. Your teen may experience a range of physical sensations that can be frightening, such as chest pain, shaking, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, and excessive sweating. A teen with panic disorder may also say that she feels “unreal” or is losing touch with realityâ€"both common symptoms of panic attacks known as depersonalization and derealization. Frightening Thoughts Are Common With Panic Disorder Additionally, your teen may say that shes frightened by her panic attacks, and fears that shes going to die. Panic attacks can become so fear-filled that your teen may even start avoiding places and situations that she attributes to these attacks. Understand that this is all a part of her condition and that she didnt choose to feel this way. Your patience and understanding may help her feel less stress and embarrassment about her condition. Be an Advocate Teenagers typically want to fit into a peer group, and they greatly value their social lives. Having panic disorder can make it hard for your teen to assimilate to social groups, and the symptoms of panic attacks can lead to avoidance behaviors, potentially making them feel lonely and isolated. There are many myths about panic disorder that can make outsidersâ€"including peers, teachers, and other adultsâ€"discredit your teen’s struggle. As the parent, you play a valuable role in your teens support system. Its important to be an advocate for your teen with panic disorder, and to believe in his ability to achieve, and make it to, recovery. Try to remain encouraging and show unconditional support, letting him know that you are there for him should he need to talk to you about his condition. Model Self-Care Supporting your teen with panic disorder can be overwhelming for a parent. Caretaker stress is a typical issue for those caring for a loved one with a mental health condition. Aside from tending to the needs of your teenager, youll also need to designate time to take care of yourself. Self-care involves proactive engagement in activities that enhance your personal health and wellness. These activities may encompass physical, creative, spiritual, social, and emotional aspects of your life. For example, it may be helpful to join a group, such as the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), which offers support groups for families of those with mental health conditions. 15 Self-Care Strategies for Busy Parents And perhaps youll find it relaxing to spend some quiet time alone, taking a long walk, or engaging in a hobby. Regardless of which self-care activities you choose, by putting energy into your own self-care, you are also modeling positive behaviors to your teenager.

6 Robber Barons From Americas Past

Hindi Songs Copied from English Songs - 4679 Words

Hindi Songs Copied or Influenced from some other Song Hindi Song: Gupt Gupt (Gupt) Music Director: Viju Shah Copied From: Deep Forest (Deep Forest) Hindi Song: Chim Chimni (Ghoonghat) Music Director: Anand Raaj Anand Copied From: Chim Chimney (Mary Poppins) Hindi Song: Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (Title) Music Director: Sandeep Chowta Copied From: Exorcist IThe Heretic (Theme) I: Hindi Song: Dil Na Diya (Krrish) Music Director: Rajesh Roshan Copied From: Ceddin Deden (Turkish Military March Track) ....................Ho !!! (They even Copied the Marching Songs....SHAME !!!) One tune, you decide the name of the song............The Godfather R.D.Burman (Started being influenced) Hindi Song: Mil Gaya Hum ko saathi (Hum Kisi Se Kam Nahin)†¦show more content†¦Hindi Song: Jhilmil Sitaaron Ne Kaha (Khote Sikkey) Music Director: Rajesh Roshan Copied From: Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head (Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid) Hindi Song: Na Bole Tum Na Maine (Baaton Baaton Mein) Music Director: Rajesh Roshan Copied From: When Johnny Comes Marching Home (Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore) Note: Im glad to see that Rajesh Roshan finds the American Civil War to be so romantic. Hindi Song: Marne Ke Darr Se (Jurm) Music Director: Rajesh roshan Copied From: La Isla Bonita (Madonna) Note: Only the first line of the Madonna song is copied, but its pretty obvious. Hindi Song: Haan Haan Yeh Pyaar Hai (Dillagi) Music Director: Jatin-Lalit Copied From: Cant Take My Eyes Off Of You (Frankie Valli) Note: Direct lift from original Hindi Song: Na Tum Bolo (Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge) Music Director: Jatin-Lalit Copied From: A Whole New World (Aladdin) Hindi Song: Koi Nahin Aisa (Dillagi) Music Director: Jatin-Lalit Copied From: Mony Mony (Tommy James and The Shondells) Note: Again, a complete lift. Hindi Song: Suno Zara (Bada Din) Music Director: Jatin-Lalit Copied From: You Needed Me (Anne Murray) Note: Complete lift; when they copy, Jatin-Lalit tend to go all the way with it. Hindi Song: Ae Mama Haan Bhaanje (Silsila Hai Pyar Ka) Music Director: Jatin-Lalit Copied From: Dr. Jones (Aqua) Note: The yodeling part from the Aqua song is copied with no reservations.Show MoreRelatedCultural Diffusion: Scope or Threat1932 Words   |  8 Pagesas we are misusing this great blessing, we are having those very little. At first, we have to know ‘Cultural diffusion’ properly. So, what is this ‘Cultural diffusion’? What does it mean? Cultural diffusion is the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another.   Direct diffusion of culture occurs when two distinct cultures are very close together. Over time, direct contact between the two leads to an intermingling of the cultures. Historically this occurred through trade, intermarriageRead MoreBangladesh Film Industry4561 Words   |  19 PagesData Presentation and Analysis One of my question was â€Å"What is it that attracts you to a Bangla movie?† 26% answered â€Å"acting†, 44% answered â€Å"story†, 17% answered â€Å"actors† and 13% answered â€Å"others†. From the graph we can see that majority of the respondents, i.e. 44% like Bangla movie because of their story and 26% like because of acting. The major cause of this is that many respondents think that the acting and story of Bangladeshi movies are very funny. So in order to get entertained they watchRead MoreBusiness Journalism in India26104 Words   |  105 Pagesper the provisions contained in the Finance Commission [Miscellaneous Provisions] Act, 1951 and The Finance Commission (Salaries Allowances) Rules, 1951, the Chairman of the Commission is selected from among persons who have had experience in public affairs, and the four other members are selected from among persons who-- (a) are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as Judges of a High Court; or (b) have special knowledge of the finances and accounts of Government; or (c) have had wideRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 PagesExercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of production to the point of consumption. The AMA has since amended its definition to read as: â€Å"Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing

Delimiting the Central Business district in Chippenham Free Essays

A CBD is a central business district. This is the place where the majority of office blocks are and a large amount of comparison shops and shopping outlets. Also a factor that shows is that the land rent is high leading to the land being used to its full potential. We will write a custom essay sample on Delimiting the Central Business district in Chippenham or any similar topic only for you Order Now I predict that there are several places in chippenham that could be possible CBD’s. These are as follows: * In the upper part of the town near to the station * In the central high street * On the outskirts of town located in the bumpers farm industrial estate. Out of these I believe that the high street and the centre of the town are most likely to show characteristics of a CBD. Methodology How we can delimit the CBD of chippenham In order to find out where the CBD of chippenham is we are going to have to do one or two of several things. We will use the things that CBD’s have in common and test chippenham to find where these things are most prominent (where the CBD will be). Some of the test that we can use will be: * Finding where the pedestrian density is the highest * Where the larger frontages of the shops are * Where there are a higher amount of fast food restaurants and cafes * We could use the nearest neighbour analysis on the shops * We could use the proportion of the shops and retail outlet compared to the other land used (in the CBD) it would be higher * We could conduct a business index (if we could gain access to the buildings) We have decided that due to a limit of time and recourse we will us the following method to find the CBD of Chippenham: * We will do a pedestrian count at several sites around the centre of the town, counting the amount of people that walk past us in a minute. We will repeat this get an average. * Pace out the frontage of the shop to find if there are any with a much larger space than others (these will probably be the chain stores). * And count the number of fast food and restaurant outlets from the arches to the market place at the top of town, as this will give us an idea of where the demand for fast food is at the highest. Once we have done this we will be able to plot graphs and draw conclusion of where the CBD is. Results and graphs A graph to show the pedestrian density on the centre of Chippenham This graph shows very clearly that as we get closer to the centre of town the density of pedestrians increase which is what we would have expected. Woolworth’s is the place where the highest density is this is the middle of the high street. A graph to show the shop frontage of Chippenham town centre The largest shop frontage is on the eastern side of the street which includes Wilkinsons and Woolworth’s. The largest shop frontage appears to be in the centre of the high street also agreeing with the prediction that I made. Evaluation From the evidence we have gathered we can see that the CBD of Chippenham is the centre of town. The pedestrian count showed a higher density of people in the centre than any other location in the town. There we a high amount of fast-food outlets and cafe in the town centre but these numbers decreased the further a way form town you got. The shop frontage count showed that the majority of large shop frontages were chain outlets and the larges ones we positioned in the town centre. However there were a few exceptions like Iceland which had a high frontage but want located in the centre. We also made an observation that in the north of the town there are a high amount of solicitors and building societies. These are comparison businesses so rely on each other for their trade; this is why they are all so close together. If I were going to this experiment again I would change certain things depending on the amount of money and recourses I had available to me. I think I would try and have a higher amount of people doing the pedestrian counts so that I could have larger amounts of data. This would hopefully improve the quality and accuracy of my results. I would have done the experiment at several different times if day to find out if that had an influence of the data. The experiment was done on a temperate day so I don’t think the weather would have affected the results. I would have done the frontage of the shops with slightly more accurate equipment (measures with instruments rather than pacing). Thins may have had a bearing on the results however I think that the pacing method was fairly accurate. How to cite Delimiting the Central Business district in Chippenham, Papers

International Journal of Research and Health - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the International Journal of Research and Health. Answer: Introduction A research was conducted to evaluate the impact of the low 35 low dB and 65 high dB music played in the gyms and other fitness studios during 1997-98 and 2009-11. It was organized by Elizabeth Francis Beach who is associated with Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia and Valerie Nie who is associated with University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. This study identifies the threat posed by high intensity music to the hearing ability of the instructors and suggests to innovate new ideas to minimize this risk (Gaeta Andrew, 2016). Assessment of the intensity of the noise during fitness sessions (WHO, 2015) The study was organized to assess the impact of high and low volume music on the clients and the trainers during the workout sessions for which the questionnaires were circulated. The object of the study is to determine the degree of noise in low and high intensity fitness classes, to find out the trainers and clients inclination for music during low and high intensity workouts as well as assessing if they found high volume music tough for their ears. Also audiometric evaluation was conducted to analyze the threshold limit of the trainers. In countries including Australia ,the standardized noise level at the workplace is 85 dB which is equivalent to noise level over 8 hours (LAeq,8h), which can be defined as 1.01 Pascal-square hours (Pa2h). For increase in every 3 dB, in LAeq, the exposure time is halved .During 1997-98; two gyms were chosen in New South Wales for research. The categories were divided into low intensity workouts including power exercises, constituted up t o 35 % and high intensity workouts including cardio fitness, constituted up to 65 %. Along with this, a microphone was placed on the trainers shoulder for measuring LAeq . Also the same parameters were experimented upon the client area, with the help of a precision sound level meter, type 2231 and type 4230. With the help of the same noise meter, the spot sound pressure levels (SPLs) in the 4 corners of the studio were recorded. In both the time periods, about 85 % of the trainers believed that high level of music was inspiring whereas one fifth of the clients found it stressful. In 2009-11 eight gyms were selected and 43 classes were assessed. In both the cases, the noise level was more than 85 dB (Packer, L. 2015) (Snow Harvey, 2015). Analysis of the research In 1997-98, the research emphasized on the trainers and the clients observations on the intensity of music and the degree of noise in the fitness classes. So, for this purpose the second author prepared two questionnaires, one for the trainers and the other for the clients. The former consisted of 35 questions including those related to personal details, profession as a fitness instructor, other work, leisureliness, hearing and health. The clients questionnaire consisted of 19 questions consisting of personal details, participation in the fitness classes and hearing and health. Among the trainers, 27 of them completed the questionnaire.77.8 % of them were females and their mean age was 26.4 years the length of their employment was 5 years and 3 months. Among the clients, 280 of them completed the questionnaire. 214 of them were females and their mean age was 35.6 years. Around 57 classes were conducted and two recordings were made in each class .The average duration of each of them w as 51.5 minutes. The noise levels of the Circuit Aerobic class were the loudest representing 98 dB and the Light and Low class were the quietest representing to 84 dB. In 2009-11, similar questionnaire were prepared which were available in online format. 49 instructors completed the questionnaire out of which 47 completed the online version whereas 2 completed the written version. Among 77.5 % of them were females with the average age of 35.9 years. They were employed for 6 years and 10 months approximately.137 clients were interested in answering the questionnaire and among them 125 of the them were females with the average age of 42 years. The average duration of the class was 52.8 minutes. The loudest class was the spin class with the LAeq of 98.8 dB and the quietest class was the body balance with the LAeq of 71.2 dB. For matching the degree of noise of both the periods, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. The independent variables were the class types and the time p eriods and the repeated variable was the location of the dosimeter. There was no remarkable contrast between the degree of noise in both the periods (in 97-99 it was 89.9 and in 2009-11 it was 89.2).But the contrast was noted in the low (87.2) and high intensity (91.9) exercises. For the priorities of the volume, the independent variables were the time period and the respondent types and the repeated component was the exercise type. At all the times, the instructors preferred higher intensity of music than the clients. The intensity of music affected 20% to 30% clients more than the instructors .They found it more stressful than their instructors (Cheer, 2014). Conclusion (Welch Fremaux, G.2017) So, the results of the research show that the volume of the music in the high intensity classes is same in both the periods. Though the degree of noise has been decreased by 3.3 dB, but those of the high intensity are the same as that compared to the last period. In 1997-99, the trainers spent around 7.5 hours in a week in the fitness classes, which was raised to 9.8 hours in 2009-2011( Bronzaft ,2017).As a result, the weekly exposure per week raised from 4.4 to 7.9 Pa2h per week, thereby exceeding the exposure of the work place noise by 57 % as per Australian and New Zealand Standard. It can be concluded that the high intensity music can pose a threat to the hearing ability of the instructors who deliver more than 2 high intensity classes a day. The study reveals that the fitness industry should consider innovative ways to inspire their clients , rather than playing high volume music ,so that it doesnt get tough for the trainers ears and clients demands are met successfully(WHO, 2015). References Gaeta, L. Andrew, J., B (2016). Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Leisure Activity. Audiology Today. 28(6). WHO(2015). Hearing loss due to recreational exposure to loud sounds :A review.[Online].Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/154589/1/9789241508513_eng.pdf [Accessed on : 15 December,2017] Packer,L.(2015).Dangerous decibels and exercise classes.[Online].Available at https://www.healthyhearing.com/report/52418-Dangerous-decibels-and-exercise-classes[Accessed on : 15 December,2017] WHO(2015).Make Listening Safe. .[Online].Available at https://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/activities/MLS_Brochure_English_lowres_for_web.pdf [Accessed on : 15 December,2017] Welch,D. Fremaux,G.(2017).Why Do People Like Loud Sound? A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14(908). Snow, K., N. Harvey,S.,B.(2015). Challenges facing fitness center designers in multifamily buildings. 170th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America .[Online].Available at https://phoenixnv.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/POMA_Architectural-Acoustics-and-Noise_Paper-2aAA9.pdf [Accessed on : 15 December,2017] Bronzaft,A.,L. (2017). Impact of Noise on Health: The Divide between Policy and Science.Journal of Social Sciences. 2017(5). Cheer,L.,(2014) Is your gym class making you deaf? New research has revealed that the music in gym classes reaches almost the same level as a jet engine. Mail Online. [Online].Available at https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2774452/Is-gym-class-making-deaf-New-research-revealed-music-gym-classes-reaches-level-jet-engine.html [Accessed on : 15 December,2017]

Othello And Iago Evilness Essays - Othello, Iago, Michael Cassio

Othello And Iago Evilness There are evil people in this world; greedy, manipulative, overbearing and jealous. Iago, in William Shakespeare's Othello, is an evil, malignant character. He uses people's goodness, integrity, and ignorance to get what he wants. When Othello's position is higher through character and status, Iago becomes jealous and decides that Othello must be eliminated. Iago is aware of the jealousy inside himself. Othello is a good man at heart, but is not aware of his evil and jealousy, and therefore will not be able to control it. Iago takes advantage of this and uses Othello's trust to manipulate Othello into revealing his true character. Iago, like any great manipulator, moves indirectly so he is never suspected. He uses Roderigo to get to Cassio, Desdemona, and Othello. Once the peace is disrupted, Iago moves directly to Othello. Everyone trusts Iago and believes that he is trying to do the best for them. Iago uses Roderigo to get Cassio in trouble with Othello. Since Roderigo is in love with Desdemona, "I confess it is my shame to be so found (of Desdemona)"(Act 1. Sc 3. Ln 360), Iago tells Roderigo that Cassio is in love with her and she in love with Cassio. "Desdemona is directly in love with him."(Act2. Sc1. Ln240) This upsets Roderigo and he is more prone to fight Cassio when told by Iago to do so. Roderigo does not just have Othello to compete with anymore; he has Cassio as well. Iago tells Roderigo that he can win Desdemona from Cassio by fighting and from Othello by following her to Cyprus. So Roderigo listens to and trusts the man, fights Cassio, sells his land and brings Iago to Cyprus. After the fight Cassio is dismissed from his office by Othello. Iago wins. Cassio is in trouble, is no longer Othello's lieutenant and Iago is in Cyprus with Othello. He then moves in on Cassio. Cassio is another step closer for Iago's plan to cause Othello's demise. Iago convinces Cassio to ask Desdemona, Othello's wife, to help in reinstating him. By Cassio asking Desdemona for help, the two have times when they are together, and Desdemona decides to support Cassio. Cassio goes to Desdemona for reinstatement to his lieutenancy because Iago tells him that it is best to not go directly to Othello. "Confess yourself freely to her. Importune her help to put you in your place again."(act2.sc3.ln357). Cassio trusts the "honest Iago" and asked Desdemona for her helped. This will later cause Othello's jealously to escalate. After the fight between Roderigo and Cassio, Othello turns to Iago for help, which Iago gives after a little hesitation. "Honest Iago, that looks dead with grieving, speak. Who began this?" "I do not know...I can not speak any beginning to this peevish odds.... Cassio following him with determined sword to execute him. (Act 2. Sc3. Lns189-243)." Now that Cassio is on Othello's bad side and Iago is on his good side, Iago goes in for "the kill." Othello is being manipulated and lied to by Iago. Iago puts ideas of Cassio's adulterous behavior with Desdemona in Othello's mind, lets it simmer, then backs it up with lies and orchestrates scenarios that look to be the truth. Othello's trust for human kind and good nature proves to be detrimental in this instance and ends in his death. Othello had been the top dog in Venice. He was an honorable black general, frightening, but respected. He had had a wonderful army and loving, beautiful wife, who all followed orders. He had had everything Iago wanted, and Iago hated him for it. " I hate the Moor."(act1.sc3.ln429). At first Iago just wants Cassio's lieutenancy, but when he gets it he goes for Othello, too. Iago uses Othello's superficial goodness to strip him of all his self respect and confidence with his suggestion of Desdemona's betrayal. Othello's goodness is not real integrity and good character. He is fake to himself and to others. Othello touches and deals with everything on a superficial level. He never goes deeply into relationships. Othello is the general of an army; he never really gets to know his soldiers, but is respected by them. His wife, Desdemona, doesn't fall in love with Othello for any sexual reason, but rather for his courage and honesty. Othello's goodness is easier to break because he is not aware of it. Othello is blindly assaulted and broken by Iago. Iago manipulates the fallen Othello, by putting more and more ideas into his head: ideas like the handkerchief, "She gave it (the

Kinds of child abuses Essays

Kinds of child abuses Essays Kinds of child abuses Essay Kinds of child abuses Essay Emotional maltreatment happens when a parent is shouting, disregarding, rejecting, and insulating the kid doing them feel like they are non deserving anything and follow what they are asked to make so they do nt acquire in problem. When a parent ignores their kid they do nt react to the kid or even look at them and it happens when they are inquiring inquiries or what to cognize about something it merely seems like they are non at that place. Rejecting a kid is when the parent feels like they do nt hold a kid and does nt what to be around them because they feel like they are nil and merely wants to walk ever from them. Isolating a kid it s like holding their kid off from nature and non being around anyone because they feel like they should nt hold the freedom to make anything or speak to others. There are many marks of emotional maltreatment but the of import 1s are that a kid falls in depression, go aggressive, loss of appetency, and be apathetic significance they do nt care about wh at s traveling about in their universe. Emotional maltreatment happens because the parent of the kid does nt cognize how to react in a good behaviour without doing their kid afraid of what they might state them. Besides parents might hold had went through some sort of emotional abuse some clip in their life and feel they should move the same with their ain kid. The most of import thing a parent should make is quiet down and talk in a quiet voice that wo nt do the kid feel un safe and show that they love them. Child disregard is really common in the United States and happens anyplace in the universe. Disregard is when a parent does nt give their kid the basic needs they need. Some of these demands are vesture, nutrient, instruction, and many more. This happens more when a parent does nt care about the demands of their kid and besides lives in a place where there is a low income or do nt hold a occupation where they can offer a kid with the demands the demand. Some marks of disregard are when a kid is ever hungry because they do nt hold anything to eat, when they are ever have oning the same apparels and look dirty because they do nt rinse themselves, besides when they do nt desire to be at place at any clip because they feel like they are non deserving anything. A parent should ever be cognizant of the demands of their kid so they feel they are loved and are ever willing to give them the best. Physical maltreatment is a immense trade because it s against the jurisprudence to ache a kid go forthing them with contusions, Burnss, broken castanetss, and any other sort of break that a kid can acquire from the parent. Physical maltreatment frequently happens when a parent becomes angry without the kid holding nil to make with it because of emphasis, choler, and depression. Children that are physically abuse become aggressive, have low ego regard, bad behaviour, do nt make good in school, and ca nt be around others. When a kid goes through physical maltreatment they act really different so they use to make because they do nt cognize what to make with their life s and leads to suicide because they do nt happen a solution to what they are traveling through and most of import they do nt speak about with person about it so they can a manner to work out the job without harming themselves. Finally there is sexual maltreatment which is something that I do nt understand a parent would make to their ain kid it merely seems truly unnatural to make to a kid but it is really normal and happens in any sort of household without holding anyone cognizing about it. Sexual maltreatment happens in the same place where they live and ends up being the parent sexually mistreating them. Sexual maltreatment starts by merely touching them doing them experience safe and ends up mistreating them in different ways and leads to holding sex with them for many old ages. When this happens kids go really insecure being around others and do nt desire anyone to touch them because they feel like something bad will go on to them and go fearful. In decision with all these sorts of kid maltreatments there are out in our universe we should take really good attention of our kids because they are the visible radiation of our life s they deserve to populate in a safe universe where everything is peace and no injury to them. There are many things we as parents can make so these things do nt go on to our kids. The most of import one is ask for aid and happen a solution so it does nt stop up aching our kids and demoing them our love and attention for them. Besides if a kid is traveling to through any sort of maltreatment they should happen aid and speak about what they are traveling through so things can acquire better and non do it worse than it a already is. Never be afraid of making the right thing because no 1 non even your ain household can harm you doing you experience insecure. Children should neer maintain an maltreatment to themselves whoever is harming them should hold to travel to imprison for making something they should nt of done to a kid. In my ain words and what I think about maltreatment is that a kid should neer be maltreatment for no ground because they are kids and the lone thing they need is love to go better individuals in life `and non populate with something that will ever be at that place for life.

Critical appraisal of a marketing topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical appraisal of a marketing topic - Essay Example The organizational top heads have realized where they have gone wrong all this while, and what more could be done to bring sanity within their own ranks. This has called for clear cut strategic directions and policies that must be developed in the wake of changing marketing, management and business initiatives. New products and services get introduced with each passing day (Cooper, 2001). What is important is to discern the exact basis of growth and productivity within the related realms. This is needed because the marketing can only come about in full circle when there are all-out efforts and endeavors made by the management concerns. It would solve the anomalies present within the system of conducting business and resolve issues that could be from the smaller to the magnanimous ones. This paper touches upon how maritime businesses have been able to depict their true place within the globally changing dynamics of conducting business operations. The Dynamics of Maritime Businesses Th e maritime business is comprised of the handling of vessels as well as its different components. These revolve around the debate of having enterprises that are doing their bit at the relevant business realms, manufacturing, designing and repairing of the vessels and so on. It has developed into a full-fledged industry and many different organizations are working worldwide to extract the immense benefits that lie within their folds. The maritime businesses have been largely focused on the sea operations as it is the first and foremost requirement indeed. Without a sea or even a river, the maritime business would not be able to come about in entirety. The maritime businesses have made it big because the management realms within their concerns have realized how big a market it is for the investors, stakeholders and retailers. They have also come to the reckoning that the maritime business is a consistent process and does not come to a standstill at any point in time. It is much similar to the aircraft industry or even a road transport system that is in place all over the world (Elkin, 1998). Different shipping lines, cruise companies and brokerage services are under the aegis of the maritime business that has made it a huge hit in the time and age of today. There are the marine railways, freight forwarding services and related undertakings within the maritime businesses. Also merchant navy works under the same aegis and not to forget the maritime professionals who have literally made this industry a giant one. Recommendations for Marketing Strategic Projects It is important that the strategic projects within the marketing dynamics are handled in an adequate way so that any shortcomings that exist within the related fore are taken care of. The strategic projects are only successful when their marketing realms are handled properly where concentration is on deriving the maximum possible value. These strategic projects can only come about when they are given the room to be exploited.

U.S. & Japanese History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

U.S. & Japanese History - Essay Example The essay is related to the background of the Japanese history.The US-Japan economic relations are discussed in relevance to various example, then US-Japan defense and US-Japan social relations and US-Japan cultural relations are discussed.Then the treatment of Japanese citizens by the United States during the Second World War is discussed in a great detail. Lastly a conclusion is provided for at the end of the essay.The early Japanese people hunted and gathered food. Rice was introduced into the society in 300 BC. This led to the establishment of the societal hierarchy and numerous small villages (which later combined together to form lager tribes). Buddhism was introduced at around 538 BC. In 1912, during the First World War, Japan joined the Allied forces. During the Second World War (1937) Japan surrendered after two atomic bombs (one on Hiroshima and the other one on Nagasaki) were dropped. In 1942, Japan had a new constitution and in 1952, the Allied occupation of Japan ended ( japan-guide.com).After the World War II, Japan held a very sympathetic position, in the world's heart. Though the other countries had had damage, the nuclear bomb had been used in the two cities (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) of Japan. As a result of this, two cities were almost entirely wiped out of its people, natural habitat and wild life. And for generations to come people had health problem to contend with. Babies were born with deformities, young people looked like they senior citizens and nothing can be grown in the earth of these two cities. Thus, the entire world felt very sympathetic of Japan. Japan on the other hand, learned from a first hand experience about the dirty side of war. To this day, Japan fights with countries, the world over to prevent them from gaining nuclear access. Japan, with the help of the nations around the globe built it self up from the rubble of World War II. It learned to be flexible, to keep it's own heritage, but, at the same time be open to the ideas and experiences of the western world. Japanese society is one of the most conservative societies around the world. In addition, there is also a strict division between the roles of men and women. But, the Japanese people wear western clothes and their children listen to western music etc. This clearly shows a combination of the two worlds, the east and the west. By picking out the best in the two worlds Japan has been able to rebuild itself with amazing speed and has re-established itself as one of the foremost developed nations of the world. US-Japan: Defense Relations With the USA being a capitalistic country and Japan being a non-capitalistic one, there has always been a profound between the two nations. Whenever there is a difference between the types of governments in two countries friction is imminent. US-Japan: Social Relations In his book The Clash, LaFeber (1997) talks about the many aspects in which the Japanese people look-up to the Americans. One of the examples is that the Japanese dress like the Americans (though of course they have their own national dresses). Baseball is another such aspect. Japanese ball teams have been formulated on the designs of their American counterparts. In fact, a number of American baseball players have been asked to come to Japan and play on their teams. US-Japan: Cultural Relations Cultural conflict between the United States and Japan has been sufficiently summed up by Rosen (2000) as, "Interpretations of Japan, as well as other Asian cultures, often carries an implicit assumption that the West is rational (and superior) whereas the East is bound by ancient traditions (and is inferior). "Oriental-ism" has been identified as the particular form that a Western stereotypical understanding of Asian cultures has taken. Intercultural communication becomes highly problematic as long as stereotypes are

Study Of The Foregrounding Theory English Language Essay

Study Of The Foregrounding Theory English Language Essay 1. Introduction The term Stylistics has been for a long time associated with literary criticism, and stylistics has been considered as a branch of literary criticism. The authors style was the major theme of this field of study. Later on, the focus moved from the study of the authors style to how meanings and effects are produced by literary texts. Thus, there was a critical need to change the field from a branch of literary criticism into a field on its own. Although stylistics has focused on literary works as its raw material of scrutiny, this does not underestimate the importance of stylistics in non-literary texts. Moreover, it is difficult sometimes to draw a clear line between literary stylistics and linguistic stylistics (Jeffries and McIntyre, 2010). In fact the distinction between the two is not the material in of their study, rather than in the objectives of the study. Literary stylistics in this case is concerned with using linguistic techniques to assist in the interpretation of texts, w hereas linguistic stylistics is about doing stylistic analysis in order to test or refine a linguistic model in effect, to contribute to linguistic theory. (Jeffries and McIntyre, 2010: 2). Also, Stylistics depends so much on theories and models from other fields more than it develops theories of its own. It is a combination of many sub-disciplines of linguistics, and other disciplines, such as literary studies and psychology, drawing upon these (sub-) disciplines but not seeking to duplicate or replace them. Based on such disciplines, Stylistics has started as a distinguished field of study which has its own theories and principles. Among these theories, foregrounding theory, which is the subject matter of this paper, has received a special interest from stylisticians. The term refers to specific linguistic devices: deviation and parallelism devices. These devices are usually used in literary texts in a functional and condensed way. They support the possible meaning of the text, i n addition providing the person who reads with the possibility of aesthetic knowledge. According to the theory of foregrounding, literature by employing abnormal forms of language breaks up the readers routine behaviour: commonplace views and perspectives are replaced with new and unexpected insights and sensations. In this method literature keeps or makes individuals conscious of their automatized actions and preconceptions. This paper discusses the foregrounding theory in detail. The paper is organized as follows: first of all, there is a detailed discussion of the origin and historical background of the theory. The Greek, Russian, and European effects on the theory will be discussed. The discussion will move to focus on the principles and assumptions behind the theory. Foregrounding principles of strikingness, effectiveness, time-consumption and universality will be discussed in detail. Once these principles are discussed, devices of deviation and parallelism, which are the main pillars of foregrounding theory, will be discussed and their relation to foregrounding effects will be explained. Once foregrounding devices are discussed, attention will be paid to obvious advantages of the theory in general. Although this theory is a powerful one, it is not surprising at all to find some problems in the theory. These problems will be discussed and possible answers offered to them in literature will be considered as will. Finally, conclusion will be drawn and recomm endation will be offered according to the discussion of the theory in general. 2. Foregrounding Theory With the rapid development of language analysis in the twentieth century, stylistics has come to the view as a powerful discipline which has its own theories such as, Foregrounding Theory, Text World Theory and Schema Theory. The general aim of this discipline is to look at the formal features of a text and find out their significance for the interpretation of that text. Stylistics started with much emphasis on the analysis of literary texts, and then the focus shifted to both literary and non-literary texts (Jeffries and McIntyre, 2010). Irrespective of the type of the text, it remains the raw material of stylisticians. Among the various stylistic theories, foregrounding theory is the most common and powerful one in the literature. The term is very general to the extent that it resists definition. However, many stylisticians have tried to define it. For example, van Peer and Hakemulder (2006) say that the term refers to specific linguistic devices, i.e., deviation and parallelism, that are used in literary texts in a functional and condensed way. Under their definition, such devices can help to add a specific meaning to the text and provide the reader with aesthetic experience. Van Peer and Hakemulder (2006) also tried to show that foregrounding generally means new information contrasted to old information in the text that forms a background against which the new meaning to be understood by the reader. Others restricted its definition to the literary side of the theory. Shen (2007: 169) argues that this theory assumes that poetic language deviates from norms characterized the ordinary use of languag eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and that this deviation interferes with cognitive principles and processes to make communication possible. In the same way, Martindale (2007) points out that there are two types of foregrounding. The first type is parallelism which involves repetition while the second type of foregrounding is deviation which is related to the use of specific devices in unusual ways. Similarly, van Peer and Hakemudler (2006) show that deviation is a poetic license to the writer who is exceptionally allowed to deviate from normal rules and expectations surprise the reader and give him a beautiful literary experience. The best examples of deviation would be metaphors, ungrammatical rules, paradox, and so on. Examples of parallelism, on the other hand, would be various forms of figures of speech such as, rhyme, assonance, alliteration, and so on. Such claims about foregrounding make it the opposite of automatization. While automatization schematizes an event, foregrounding breaks this sc hematization and creates a special kind of meaning (Miall and Kuiken, 1994). The roots of this theory go back to the Greek Antiquity. Specifically, to the great philosopher Aristotle who emphasized the use of devices and their importance for foregrounding (van Peer, 2007; Martindale, 2007). Aristotle (ca. 335 BCE, cited in van Peer and Hakemulder, 2006) argues that literary work should be distinguished from other works through the use of strange words, metaphors and unfamiliar terms. Thus, foregrounding started basically as a theory of literature in the Greek philosophy. Later on, Russian Formalists and Czech Structuralists emphasized the importance of foregrounding in literature. According to Martindale (2007), foregrounding in that stage was so much related to novelty. The Russian and Czech theorists were in struggle for maintenance of change in literature. For instance, the Russian Formalist, Shklovsky, points out that the purpose of art is to present the unfamiliar objects in a sophisticated unfamiliar way so that the perception of such objects will be re newed and refreshed in the eyes of the reader (Miall and Kuiken, 1994). Unless this change is continuelously preserved, literature will die. Therefore, foregrounding was the only hope to keep literature alive. Similarly, foregrounding in English literature and stylistics has been used with different meanings. Van Peer and Hakemulder (2006) show that foregrounding in English can refer to a prominent interest that a reader might assign to something in a text during the process of reading. Such prominence is resultant from a special use of some devices located in the text itself. Foregrounding may also refer to analytical tools used to evaluate texts and show their literary, historical and cultural significance. Therefore, the emphasis has always been on foregrounding in literature rather than foregrounding in other genres. So far, discussion was about the theoretical account for foregrounding, yet we have not given any example. To understand what is meant by foregrounding, consider the following example that was planned by Miall and Kuiken (1994). In their discussion of foregrounding in literature, they presented a segment of a story called the Dark Walk: It is a laurel walk, very old, almost gone wild, a lofty midnight tunnel of smooth, sinewy branches. (p392). Through the alliteration of [l] and [s] sounds in the sentence and the metaphoric use of midnight and sinewy, Miall and Kuiken claim that foregrounding passes through three stages. First, defamiliarization which is present in the use of unfamiliar linguistic features which strikes and captures the eye of the reader. Second, such unfamiliar linguistic features forces the reader to slow down and allow time for the feelings arouse by alliteration and metaphor to appear. Third, such feelings create a rich beautiful image of the dark walk in the min d of the reader. To summarize this section, we can say foregrounding is a powerful theory that has started in the Greek philosophy, developed by the Russian and Czech theorists, and flourished in the current century. This theory is based on breaking up rules and norms by implementing devices of deviation and parallelism, yielding an aesthetic experience in the mind of the reader. 3. Principles of the Theory Although it is difficult to delimit the principles and assumptions that underlie the foregrounding theory, this section discusses some general notes which can be considered as basic to the theory in general. Foregrounding and strikingness It is always reported that foregrounding causes defamiliarization especially in literary texts (Miall and Kuiken, 1994; van Peer, 2007; van Peer and Hakemuilder, 2006). Defamiliarization, in turn, strikes the reader because he finds the unexpected. Thus, the way new ideas introduced captures the mind of the reader and triggers his attention. Foregrounding is affective Besides inducing strikingness, defamiliarization helps to evoke the feelings of the reader. Miall and Kuiken (1994: 393) argue that, although available evidence is indirect, it does suggest a relationship between the defamiliarizing effects of foregrounding and the emergence of feeling. Once a reader encounters an unfamiliar text, special area in the mind which is responsible for affect is intensified. Foregrounding and time Since foregrounding texts are striking and evocative, they should take longer time for processing and comprehension. For example, when a reader finds verbs ellipsis or grammatical inversions, he needs much more time to figure out the meaning of the sentence. Also, the use of figurative devices such as metaphors and similes triggers the reader imagination and intensifies his feeling. At this stage, the reader will resort to other similar texts or experiences he has encountered in his life which, in turn, prolong the process of reading. Miall and Kuiken (1994: 395) point out that, Since foregrounding often occurs in clusters of closely related phonetic, grammatical, and semantic features, the sheer density of the processes by which refamiliarization occurs suggests that it takes time to unfold. Foregrounding is universal If foregrounding is striking, affective and time-consuming, are such foregrounding effects universal or related to specific type of individuals? In other words, do foregrounding effects occur in highly trained and sophisticated readers? In fact, many stylisticians have discussed and offered an answer to such question. Van Peer (1986) conducted a study on a group of people for this purpose and he found out that foregrounding effects are present among different readers irrespective of literary background. He found that readers responses are affected by deviation, and deviation makes readers process the text more slowly which, in turns, leads into aesthetic appreciation. Similar observations were reported by Miall and Kuiken (1994) who conducted a study on four groups of readers. Miall and Kuiken were interested in testing how foregrounding is indicator of reading times and readers judgments of strikingness and affect. In conclusion, they found out that the aforementioned effects are pr esent in all groups independent of readers backgrounds or interests. Thus, readers with general linguistics skills and backgrounds will find foregrounding texts striking, affective and challenging. However, none can deny such effects will be higher with people of higher literary background. Also, many questions remain under-researched in this theory. Fore example, when readers concentrate on the way the text is written rather than its content, is that a matter of convention in general or a special property of the text? To put it differently, do readers read literary texts slowly because they already think that literature needs more time to be processed? Or is it a property of foregrounding in general irrespective of the text type or genre? In summary, foregrounding is striking, affective, time-consuming and universal. It surprises the reader by violating the rules. Such violation triggers his feelings and requires much more time to understand and process the text which in turn forces the reader to focus on the way the text is written more than the content. Finally, such effects are claimed to be universal irrespective of the background or literary experience of the reader. 4. Foregrounding Devices Linguistic devices are the main pillars of foregrounding theory. They are the tool which is wonderfully manipulated by writers to produce a piece of art. These devices help the writer to express his ideas in a special way, adding some music to his words or giving an image that stimulates the imagination of the reader. Generally, the foregrounding theory is based on two types of devices: devices of deviation and devices of parallelism (van Peer and Hakemulder, 2006; Shen, 2007). The former refers, as the name indicates, to breaking up rules or expectations. What you expect is not what you read or listen to. Following these devices, the writer attracts his readers attention because when they hear something unexpected, they will look for clues to know what is going on. Devices of deviation include: neologism, metaphor, ungrammatical sentences, archaisms, paradox and oxymoron. Devices of parallelism, on the other hand, are also called figures of speech. They generally involve repetitive and contrasted structures. Thus, some parts or syllables of the word verbal configuration is repeated or contrasted, leading to foregrounding effects on the perception of the reader. The rest of this section sheds light on the main devices used in foregrounding theory. 4.1 Devices of deviation Metaphor: it is defined as, The figure of speech in which a name or descriptive term is transferred to some object different from, but analogous to, that to which it is properly applicable; an instance of this, a metaphorical expression (Oxford English Dictionary). As this definition indicates, metaphors involve a mapping between two conceptual domains which are somehow related to our perceptual system. Thus, a metaphor involves a mapping from a source domain into a target domain. Shen (2007) argues that as far as foregrounding involved, mapping should be characterized by deviation via a relation between two remote concepts, i.e., Education is a ladder. Simile: it is a comparison of one thing with another, esp. as an ornament in poetry or rhetoric (Oxford English Dictionary). Similar to metaphors, similes also involve two nominal expressions. One of them is a source and the other one is a target. The two expressions are usually linked via linkage expressions such as like or as. In foregrounding theory, similes should involve deviation as well, i.e., Education is like a ladder (Shen, 2007: 171). Thus, the linkage is between two remote concepts, usually from more to less accessible object. Such simile is called canonical simile. However, if mapping is from less to more accessible object, this simile is called non-canonical simile, i.e., A ladder is like education (Shen, 2007: 171). Shen argues that foregrounding often depends on non-canonical similes. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure by which contradictory or incongruous terms are conjoined so as to give point to the statement or expression; an expression, in its superficial or literal meaning self-contradictory or absurd, but involving a point (Oxford English Dictionary). Such literary device is frequently used in literature. It is one of the basic pillars of foregrounding theory since deviation is the main feature of this device. Shen (2007: 173-174) makes a distinction between two types of oxymoron: direct and indirect. The former represents a direct antonymic relation between a head noun and a modifier which are extremely opposite poles, i.e., hot coldness. The latter represents a relation between two expressions which are not direct opposite poles, i.e., watery dryness. In these examples, hot is the direct opposite of cold whereas watery is not the direct opposite of dryness. As far as foregrounding concerned, Shen (2007) argues that the indirect oxymoron is much more used than direct oxymoron. Paradox: it is defined as, A statement or tenet contrary to received opinion or belief; often with the implication that it is marvellous or incredible; sometimes with unfavourable connotation, as being discordant with what is held to be established truth, and hence absurd or fantastic; sometimes with favourable connotation, as a correction of vulgar error. (Oxford English dictionary). Similar to oxymoron, this device is central to foregrounding theory because contradiction is the basic feature of paradox. A paradoxical statement makes sense with more thought. Christ used paradox in his teaching: They have ears but hear not. Or in normal conversation, we may use a paradox 4.2 Devices of parallelism Assonance: it is defined as, the correspondence or rhyming of one word with another in the final (sometimes also the initial) consonant, but not in the vowel. (Oxford English Dictionary). Assonance can be described as a vowel rhyme as in the words  date  and  fade.   Alliteration: it is The commencing of two or more words in close connexion, with the same letter, or rather the same sound. (Oxford English Dictionary). Alliteration is commonly used for emphatic effects. It happens in everyday language in phrases such as tittle-tattle, bag and baggage, bed and board, primrose path, and through thick and thin and in sayings like look before you leap. Therefore, foregrounding theory uses such device to attract the concentration of the reader and emphasis certain points in the text. Antistrophe: it is The repetition of words in inverse order. (Oxford English Dictionary). For example:  In 1938, Hitler occupied Austria without warning. In 1939, Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia without warning. Later in 1939, Hitler invaded Poland without warning Rhyme: it is defined as, Agreement in the terminal sounds of two or more words or metrical lines, such that (in English prosody) the last stressed vowel and any sounds following it are the same, while the sound or sounds preceding are different. (Oxford English Dictionary). In poetry, the most common sort of rhyme is  end rhyme that occurs at the end of two or more lines.  Internal rhyme  happens in the middle of a line In conclusion, devices of deviation and parallelism are very central to the foregrounding theory. They are the main tools which should be manipulated by the writers to attract the attention of the reader and make him feel appreciate the experience of the text. 5. Advantages of Foregrounding Theory If foregrounding theory is very powerful in the literature of stylistics, what are the advantages of the application of such theory? Can foregrounding be practically useful? Or is it just a descriptive theory? This section discusses some advantages of the foregrounding theory. First of all, foregrounding in general and foregrounding theory in particular are very basic requirements to understand language and literature. Foregrounding as a style is based on a distinction between something and its background. In other words, it is all about making something prominent by making it different. For example, we can make an object in a collection of objects, such as toys, foreground by differentiating it with color, shape, etc. In the same way, we can make a string of words distinguished from others by implying foregrounding devices, such as devices of deviation and parallelism. Thus, foregrounding is a very useful tool in language to affect the readers understanding and appreciation of language. In general, this is the most obvious advantage of foregrounding theory in language and literature. Foregrounding effects are not only restricted to language. This powerful theory can be practically used as a method of language teaching as well. McInyer (2003) shows a detailed description of how foregrounding can used as a pedagogical technique in large-group teaching. Such teaching methodology makes use of internal and external deviation as a means of maintaining the effects of foregrounding throughout the whole lecture course. An example of external deviation is to have two lecturers instead of one in the class so that students will be surprised because such change is unexpected. In this case, knowledge of foregrounding theory is very important for higher education lecturers dealing with large-groups, as it could serve to highlight how the presentation of lecture material can be enhanced, so creating a more effectual learning experience for the student Foregrounding can also be important in translation. If we accept that fact that discourse analysis has its positive effects on translation, we should expect to have similar effects (van Peer and Hakemulder, 2006). Dorry (2008) argues that foregrounding theory with foregrounding since foregrounding theory is so much related to discourse analysis can be applied to discourse at levels of Syntax, lexicon and Phonology. At the level of syntax, foregrounding is defined as the process that involves placing a constituent of a sentence into the focus position so that it becomes more prominent than other parts of the sentence. Naturally, any change in the usual order of words in a sentence will be reflected on meaning interpretation in mind of the reader. In this regard, change can come through deviation from norms or breaking up the rules. Dorry (2008) points out that since translation is a process of text recreation in which translators do their best to communicate discoursal meaning across languages, the way additional or different meaning is created and understood, should therefore also be focused as well from a syntactic-pragmatic angle. This phenomenon which is the locus of foregrounding theory should be have a very careful attention in translation since understanding it can assist to process and perceive meaningful choices made by writers and speakers in the course of communication. Under this claim, translators should be fully acquainted with foregrounding theory and its devices in the source and the target language because translators should always be faithful to both languages. To conclude this section, we have seen that foregrounding is a theory that can be applied many disciplines simultaneously. It is indispensable when we study language as an artistic artifact and how it is perceived by the reader or recipient. Also, foregrounding can be applied as a teaching methodology which is based on unexpected techniques to strike the student. Finally, translators should have enough knowledge of foregrounding effects in the source and target language to stay faithful to the text they are translating. 6. Problems of Foregrounding Theory Foregrounding theory has been the most powerful theory in stylistics. It charmed many stylisticians who devoted their efforts to support this theory. Although this theory has such important position in the stylistics, it is still imperfect. Many critics have mentioned some problems that should be taken into account to render a developed version of the theory. Shen (2007) argues that since deviation in foregrounding is based on the interface of the literary text with the cognitive and communicative principles, and these two types of principles are constrained, deviation should be controlled as well. It looks strange that deviation in foregrounding is not constrained while its assumptions and principles are constrained. Therefore, we need to question the claim of unexpectedness of deviation. In other words, are all types of deviation expected? Shen (2007) discussed some constraints that can be inferred from the devices used in foregrounding theory. A detailed discussion of simile and o xymoron showed that some constraints can be imposed on deviation. However, such conclusion should be carefully considered because foregrounding escapes the routine of everyday language and shake the expectations of the reader by presentation of the unexpected. Thus, how can we constrain the unexpected? And how can we strike a compromise between novelty and constraints? Such questions should be considered when we discuss constraints on deviation. Other limitations of the theory are discussed by van Peer and Hakemulder (2006). The first limitation of the theory is related to the existence of enough evidence that supports the main claim of foregrounding theory; the grounding theory claims that the use of foregrounding devices increases the readers value and appreciation of the text. Unfortunately, this claim has not received enough evidence from research conducted in the foregrounding theory. Another important problem of the theory is the huge vagueness of its terminology. Such a problem is clear when we consider the very often used terms in the theory like estrangement, deautomatization, defamiliarization and foregrounding. Are these terms synonymies or are they different terms? Therefore, the terminology and principles of this theory and its relation to the psychological processes should be fully clarified. More importantly, this theory intersects with the principles and assumptions of other theories and constructs such as Surrealism and Absurdism. Therefore, the boundaries and assumptions should be differentiated from the assumption of other theories (van Peer and Hakemulder, 2006). A problem that has recently been considered in the literature of foregrounding theory is its scope. Some scholars are very fanatic and refuse to include oral or descriptive literature in the domain of foregrounding theory. Hence, they apply the theory to the written texts only, and they neglect oral and video/audio works. Van Peer and Hakemulder (2006) argue that this problem can be solved by integrating the foregrounding theory to the structure and interpretation of the work as whole. To put it differently, a more systematic and coherent version of the foregrounding theory should be developed to cover all genres of literary works. Another problem related to this theory is the distinction between literary and non-literary texts. The majority of literary devices discussed above are reported in literature. Also, the majority of studies reported in stylistics were conducted on literary works. On the other side of the theory, some theorists ((Jeffries and McIntyre, 2010) argue that limiting the scope of foregrounding theory to literary works is a hasty decision because the same devices can be applied to literary and non-literary works such as jokes, advertising and politics. In fact, Mukaiovsky (cited in Miall and Kuiken, 1994) addressed this problem and explained the difference between the two types of foregrounding. Foregrounding may occur in non-literary or everyday language. However such type of foregrounding is not systematic in design. Moreover, the main purpose of such language is communication and foregrounding is so much used. In literary texts, on the other hand, foregrounding is very common, systematic a nd structured. Here, the purpose of foregrounding is to deviate from everyday language and takes the reader to the unexpected to make him enjoy the aesthetic experience of the literary text. A more impressing solution to the problem is presented by van Peer and Hakemulder (2006) who distinguished between two cases of foregrounding: functional and non-functional. Only the former can be seen as literary while later is not a literary use of foregrounding. For example, when a writer uses metaphors or similes in a scientific report, the purpose is not to deviate from the expected and impress the reader. Here, foregrounding is non-functional. In literary use of language, on the other hand, foregrounding is functional and the general aim is to deviate from the expected and present the unexpected To conclude this section, foregrounding theory has its own problems. The scope of the theory should be clearly identified in terms of the text type (literary vs. non-literary) and form (written vs. spoken). Also, its boundaries should be discussed and assigned with regard to other theories and perspectives in the literature. Similarly, abstract terminology should be clarified and fully explained. Finally, deviation, novelty and constraints should have compromised in the course of the theory discussion. 7. Conclusion Foregrounding theory is required for the analysis of literary works and history. This theory yields the best conclusions in textual analysis that it is indispensable analytic methodology to describe the specific features and characteristics of any text and explain the poetic effects on the reader. It can be used in both literary and non-literary works, yet the function is different in each situation. By doing extensive research and exploring its rules and effects in cross-cultural texts, the study of literature and literary works will flourish. Foregrounding device, devices of deviation and parallelism, will lose their important value if they are not developed. Thus, their defamiliarization needs to be under continuous development and replacement. A critical problem of constraints threatens the basic feature of foregrounding which is novelty. Novelty is reached to by violation of rules, and violation is seen here as breaking up everyday routine. Therefore, how can we expect the unexp ected? How can we control and constrain deviation? Such question and enquires should be the main concern of researchers in this field. All in all, foregrounding is the best theory for innovation in literature because it gives unexpected forms of novelty and creativity.

Homeostasis Essay

What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is the mechanism in our body that regulates and maintains a stable and constant environment. This enables our body to respond to changes in the environment around us as. The homeostatic mechanisms in our body, observe and monitor conditions and will then make a judgment whether to change the way the body functions is order to adapt to the outside surroundings better. The main organs involved in homeostasis are; the brain, liver, skin and kidney’s. The skin is involved as its acts as a protective layer and also regulates body temperature. The liver breaks down harmful substances and the kidneys regulate water levels and waste products. In the brain the hypothalamus controls everything and changing them to fit into the outside surroundings. Negative feedback is also linked in as it is the process of homeostasis. It is negative because it is in a negative situation and will not kick it unless there’s something wrong. Body temperature When we exercise the body has to work harder, the body temperature would increase this is due to organs having to work harder to get oxygen to muscles. The metabolic rate that produces more energy has to increase in order for more energy to be released. The heart has to pump more blood around the body in order to deliver oxygen to the working muscles so they can carry on working at that capacity. What mechanisms are there to cool the body down? Sweating-glands are stimulated to release sweat Liquid turn into gas Vasodilation-your body carries most of the heat energy around your body There are capillaries underneath your skin that can be filled with blood if you get too hot This brings the blood closer to the surface of the skin so more heat can be lost, this is why we look red when we’re hot. What mechanisms are there to warm the body up? Vasoconstriction-this is the opposite of vasodilation The capillaries underneath your skin get constricted (shut off) so less heat is lost Piloerection- this is when the hairs on your skin stand up The hairs trap a layer of air next to the skin which is then warmed by the body heat. Heart rate The heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. This system however, is split into two, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic system. The sympathetic system is in charge of speeding up the heart rate when it’s needed and the parasympathetic system is there to slow the heart rate down. There are many reasons why heart rate could increase; the main and obvious reasons are fear, stress and exercise. Exercise is one of the main reasons why heart rate would increase as when we exercise we need more oxygen to travel to our working muscles. Oxygen is only carried in the blood and the main organ for the blood pumping around the body is the heart. This is when the sympathetic nervous system comes in; the receptors tell the brain that we are doing exercise and then the brains sends a message to the heart to pump faster, in order for more oxygen to be transported in the blood to the working muscles. When we are not doing exercise we have a ‘pace maker ’ of the heart. This ‘pace maker’ called the Sino atrial node keeps a regular heart beat. We have tested our Sino atrial node by first of all doing exercise to see our risen heart rate, mine was 13. After 5 minutes of rest our Sino atrial node should have kicked in and our regular heart beat will be taking place, mine was now 11. The negative feedback system Change in the body’s external environment, the brain receives a message – exercise Change in body’s internal system Receptors detect change and send messages to the brain The brain organises internal and external body changes to bring the environment back to normal Breathing rate Breathing rate is determined by the amount of breaths taken during a certain  period of time. This can increase during exercise or any physical activity or trauma. The way in which the body recognises this is by the chemo-receptors. They send a message to the brain, which then sends a message to the heart to pump more blood by beating faster, this is because they have detected a change in the amount of carbon dioxide that is circulating the body. When the chemo-receptors detect a high level of carbon dioxide, they send a message to the brain to increase or decrease breathing rate in order to get rid of carbon dioxide or to replenish the amount of oxygen in the body. What happens next is very clever in the fact that the body recognises that during exercise we need more oxygen. Therefore messages in the form of nerve impulses are sent to the diaphragm causing it to contract. When the diaphragm contracts it lowers itself in order for the ribs to expand and move upwards so there is inc reased space for the lungs to inflate. The muscle that allows the ribs to move up and out is called the inter costal muscle. This process of breathing rate is called inspiration. When we exhale the reverse happens to what has just been explained. The diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original position. The inter costal muscle that allows the ribs to move up and out also relaxes and returns the ribs to their stationary position. This process is known as expiration. Blood glucose Blood glucose is simply the control of sugar levels in the body, and determines when the body needs more glucose (sugar) or when it needs less. The part of the body that controls the glucose is the pancreas. The pancreas releases insulin which is made to lower blood sugar levels when it gets too high but can also create glucagon that brings the blood sugar levels up when they are too low. Blood sugar levels mainly are affected and altered by the food we eat. Before a meal our blood sugar levels will be running low but after we’re eaten our blood sugar levels will be a lot higher, and in many cases will need the help of insulin to bring them down to the normal level, between 4 and 8ml, if we have consumed too much. The process of how we get the sugar is from the food we eat, mainly by the carbohydrates we consume. Carbohydrates are taken into the body by the food, and are then digested and changed into glucose that the body can use for energy. During exercise blood sugar levels will fall below our normal, so our body receptors say ‘level of glucose in the body is too low’ and therefore will tell the pancreas to produce glycogen to bring our sugar levels back up.

Puns in the Importance of Being Ernest

Wilde uses puns throughout this play, but the major pun is found within the title. In The Importance of Being Earnest, the pun, widely considered to be the lowest form of verbal wit, is rarely just a play on words. The title, -The Importance of Being Earnest,- insinuates the importance of being honest and truthful, while playing on the male name, Ernest. The pun in the title is a case in point. The earnest/Ernest joke strikes at the very heart of Victorian notions of respectability and duty. Gwendolen wants to marry a man called Ernest, and she doesn’t care whether the man actually possesses the qualities that comprise earnestness. She is, after all, quick to forgive Jack’s deception. In embodying a man who is initially neither â€Å"earnest† nor â€Å"Ernest,† and who, through forces beyond his control, subsequently becomes both â€Å"earnest† and â€Å"Ernest,† Jack is a walking, breathing paradox and a complex symbol of Victorian hypocrisy. -Earnest – means serious or non-frivolous. Many of the characters in the play spend their time trying to convince each other, and themselves, that they are high-minded people with strong morals and are admired in society. But Oscar Wilde presents them all in such a way that their interests and ethical ideas will seem ridiculous and trivial to most of the audience. -Ernest – is a man's name. Much of the action of the play turns on whether Jack Worthington's first name is Jack, or Ernest. Normally a man's first name is of no great importance in his life, but in the extremely silly world of this play – it is the most serious element of the plot. (Many people who know the play well never realise that we don't get a satisfactory answer to this crucial question). So the pun is that the title of the play appears to mean: The Importance of being a Serious Person; but when we watch the play we realise that the real title is: The Importance of having Ernest for a First name. ex: Algernon- You have always told me it was Ernest. I have introduced you to every one as Ernest. You answer to the name of Ernest. You look as if your name was Ernest. You are the most earnest-looking person I ever saw in my life. We can find puns on the names of the other characters in the play like in: -‘Miss Prism' – The name is a pun on ‘misprision', which has two definitions. The older is very dark, involving the concealment of official neglect, crime or possibly treason. The more modern meaning closely resembles the character's multiple misunderstandings. – Chasuble – The word chasuble is a vestment worn during services. This is, of course, appropriate given the nature of Chasuble’s profession. Chasuble’s name is also a pun because when said aloud can sound like chaseable. Regarding Miss Prism, he is in fact chase-able, which he had previously claimed he was not. Act I, scene 1, Algernon â€Å"Anyone can play (piano) accurately but I play with wonderful expression† – This is a good thumbnail of Wilde’s philosophy of art. Wilde was heavily influenced by Walter Pater and the other aesthetes of the Victorian age. They believed art should concern itself only with its aesthetic qualities that art should exist for art's sake alone. Therefore, art should not be a straightforward representation of reality–it should not be â€Å"accurate,† as Algernon would say–but rather it should be an extension of its creator's artistic styles. Hence, it should have â€Å"wonderful expression. Act I, scene 1, Algernon – â€Å"If the lower orders don't set us a good example, what on earth is the use of them? † – We have a humorous depiction of class tensions here, where Lane, the butler, is given his fair share of droll sayings, and even Algernon seems to recognize that the lower clas has more power than they seem to. Act I, scene 1 (Algernon to Jack) Algernon: â€Å"You don’t seem to realize that in married life; three is company and two is none. † And also in Act II, scene 1 (Lady Bracknell when she finds out about the proposal of Jack) L. Bracknell: â€Å"†¦An engagement should come on a young girl as a surprise, pleasant or unpleasant, as the case may be. † Oscar is again poking fun here at the institution of marriage, a practice surrounded by hypocrisy and absurdity. Aristocracy does not see marriage as an organ of love but rather as a tool for achieving a sustaining social stature. Act I, scene 1, Puns are also used during the conversation between Algernon and Jack in town. To accuse Algernon a liar just like dentists who lies about cavities, Jack has said, -â€Å"My dear Algy, you talk exactly as if you were a dentist. It is very vulgar to talk like a dentist when one isn’t a dentist. It produces a false impression†. This is very funny because we can see that Jack is also lying about his brother, but he is judging Algernon as if he is a very honest person. Later, when Jack reveals all his truth about the name Ernest, Algernon responds by saying: Algernon: â€Å"What you really are is a Bunburyist. You are one of the most advanced Bunburyist I know. †¦ â€Å"Besides now that I know you to be a confirmed Bunburyist, I naturally want to talk to you about Bunburying. I want to tell you the rules. This is very funny, because Algernon is trying to be honest to Jack about advising him of an action that in fact is itself dishonest and false. The pun is when Algernon thinks that Jack deserves to be advised and learn the rules, since he turned out to be a real Bunburyist, even the most advanced one. This is very ridiculous! As if Jack was discovered to be a man with high principles or qualities. Act I, scene 1 Algernon: â€Å"You must be serious about it. I hate people who are not serious about meals. It is do shallow of them. † This is also very ridiculous. What we expect is Algernon asking Jack to be serious with Gwendolen, about their first 10-minute meeting at Algernon’s. Actually, what surprises and makes us laugh is that Algernon immediately asks Jack to be serious about the food. They care about trivial things. But every instance food is mentioned – from the Algernon’ opening discussion of wine with his servant, Lane, to the girls’ insult over tea and the guys’ climatic fight over muffins-is fraught with conflict. The fight over something as basic as food-something that every human being has a carnal need for (like Algernon’s wolfing down of the cucumber sandwiches to Lady Bracknell distress, Jack’s settling for bread and butter, Algernon’s consumption of Jack’s wine and muffins)- we suspect that the food fights are all puns for mocking their repressed sexual life expression and frustration in the face of unusually domineering women. Algernon. [Picking up empty plate in horror. ] Good heavens! Lane! Why are there no cucumber sandwiches? I ordered them specially. Lane. [Gravely. ] There were no cucumbers in the market this morning, sir. I went down twice. Algernon. No cucumbers! †¦Algernon. I am greatly distressed, Aunt Augusta, about there being no cucumbers, not even for ready money. Act I, scene 1 (Lady Bracknell to Algernon) Lady Bracknell: â€Å"Well, I must say Algernon that I think it is high time that Mr. Bunbury made up his mind whether he was going to live or to die. This shilly-shallying with the questions is absurd. Nor do I in any way approve of the modern sympathy with invalids. I consider it morbid†¦I should be much obliged if you would ask Mr. Bunbury from me to be kind enough not to have a relapse on Saturday for I rely on you to arrange my music frame†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is difficult for Victorian people to understand an interest in something that is so far removed from their daily pleasure, nor to sympathy. Also at the end when they both kill off their imaginary alter egos or friends without much to-do, shows Victorian society’s real values. The Victorian era did not value honesty, responsibility, or compassion for the under-privileged (neither Lady Bracknell nor Algernon exhibit much pity for â€Å"Bunbury† when he â€Å"dies†), but only style, money and aristocracy. It is appropriate that the pun in the sentence when L. B is talking about â€Å"Bunury† death as an appointment to be simply fixed or arranged, and the nonexistent character of â€Å"Bunbury† itself show how shallow are the Victorians’ real concerns. Act I, scene 2 Lady Bracknell starts her conversation by showing to be a very concerned and affectionate mother who wants his expectations meet her requires. The first question she asks is about smoking. Smoking is a harmful, money-consuming habit that needs to be killed, while we find a pun when L. Bracknell turns to be in favor of this habit of Jack. Besides, she considers it as an important occupation or a man. Lady Bracknell: †¦Do you smoke? Jack: Well,yes,I must admit I smoke. Lady Bracknell: I am glad to hear it. A man should always have an occupation of some kind. We face up with many ironic situations during L. Bracknell’s discuss with Jack in act 1, scene 2, making fun to the false, empty ideals of Victorian society, mocking the so-called virtue qualities of the upper class that pretends to be high-educated. The puns are when L. B gives an appreciation of Jack’s being ignorant. She is pleased with Jack’s ignorance, and the most absurd is that she pays high tributes to ignorance by comparing it to a delicate exotic fruit. †¦ Lady Bracknell. A very good age to be married at. I have always been of opinion that a man who desires to get married should know either everything or nothing. Which do you know? Jack. [After some hesitation. ] I know nothing, Lady Bracknell. Lady Bracknell. I am pleased to hear it. I do not approve of anything that tampers with natural ignorance. Ignorance is like a delicate exotic fruit; touch it and the bloom is gone. The whole theory of modern education is radically unsound. Fortunately in England, at any rate, education produces no effect whatsoever. If it did, it would prove a serious danger to the upper classes, and probably lead to acts of violence in Grosvenor Square.